细菌学_革兰氏染色_细菌学染色法-默克生命科学

细菌学是研究细菌遗传、结构、生理、行为、致病性、生态和进化等各方面的学科。细菌学调查在临床诊断和工业质控中举足轻重。在细菌学中应用显微术涉及通过恰当的方法(如革兰氏染色法)对微生物进行染色来鉴定细菌类别或检测分枝杆菌。
推荐类别
准确、稳定的细胞计数结果对于细胞培养和下游细胞实验的稳定至关重要。手持式库尔特计数仪可在数秒内完成极其准确、可重复的细胞计数。一次性血细胞计数板可降低传染环境下的污染风险。
革兰氏染色
革兰氏染色是细菌学中的基本染色技术,主要用于鉴别革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌。该方法的原理是通过革兰氏阳性菌细胞壁较厚的肽聚糖层截留结晶紫染色剂。
而革兰氏阴性菌的肽聚糖层因较薄而被有机溶剂脱色,复染时会染上橙粉色。该染色过程需要的试剂包括结晶紫(初染)、苯胺染料、碘溶液(媒染)和复染剂番红(复染)或卡宝品红。
分枝杆菌染色
分枝杆菌感染的早期诊断非常关键,该抗酸细菌具有强致病性,会引起结核等严重疾病。这种致病菌可在组织学培养物和细菌学涂片中用各种染色液进行检测。还可用玻片热处理(热染法)或无热处理(冷染法)的齐尔-尼尔森染色技术进行荧光检测。这种差异染色技术使用脂溶性酚类化合物卡宝品红作为初染剂,以孔雀绿为复染剂。
滴虫染色
阴道毛滴虫这种寄生虫在妇科检材如阴道涂片和尿沉渣中尤为常见,会引起最常见的非病毒性传播疾病——滴虫病。可使用吉姆萨和吖啶橙等染色剂配合湿片镜检对阴道毛滴虫进行显微诊断。
细菌学在其他行业中的应用
在食品饮料行业中,乳酸杆菌、乳球菌和链球菌等乳酸菌用于生产奶酪、酪浆和酸奶等乳制品。茶和咖啡等饮料生产过程中需要进行细菌发酵。随着肠道微生物组健康的研究领域不断发展,益生菌补充剂可混合多种细菌来减轻炎症并提高肠功能。制药行业也会使用细菌进行疫苗研究和生产,如使用链霉菌生产四环素、红霉素及使用芽孢杆菌生产杆菌肽。
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